Process of quadricyclane production

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a process for efficiently producing quadricyclane by the conversion of norbornadiene. A sensitizer, such as a substituted diaminobenzophenone having a solubility in norbornadiene greater than that of Michler&#39;s Ketone, may be added to the norbornadiene to form a solution, wherein the sensitizer decreases the induction period at the beginning of the reaction, increases the photon or quantum efficiency of conversion of norbornadiene to quadricyclane, and increases the rate of conversion at the end of the reaction. If the solution is irradiated with light from a metal halide-doped mercury arc lamp to photochemically transform the norbornadiene to quadricyclane, the conversion is more efficient than when other light sources are utilized. Furthermore, the addition of triethylamine to the solution tends to result in the formation of fewer by-products in the transformation reaction.

RELATED APPLICATION(S)

[0001] This application is a divisional application of application Ser.No. 09/589,908, filed on Jun. 7, 2000, which disclosure is hereinincorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0002] The invention claimed herein to the extent funding by theGovernment contributed to the development thereof may be manufactured,used, and licensed by or for the Government for governmental purposeswithout the payment of any royalties thereon.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0003] This invention relates to fuels. More specifically, thisinvention relates to quadricyclane and a highly efficient process forproducing quadricyclane.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0004] Quadricyclane, or tetracyclo [2.2.1.0^(2,6).0^(3,5)] heptane, isknown in the prior art as a chemical for energy storage, in particular,solar energy storage. Quadricyclane has also been recognized as apotential fuel for internal combustion engines, as described in U.S.Pat. No. 5,076,813; and as a rocket propellant, as described in U.S.Pat. No. 5,616,882. In such applications, quadricyclane may be usedalone or as a component along with other hydrocarbon fuels for thepurpose of modifying the fuel characteristics, e.g., increasing the heatof combustion, or fuel density.

[0005] Quadricyclane has been identified as a possible high-energyreplacement for, or additive to, current hydrocarbon-based rocketpropellants. Quadricyclane's highly strained structure gives it aspecific impulse and density that is greater than currenthydrocarbon-based rocket propellants. It is hoped that replacing currentrocket propellants with quadricyclane will enable launching payloadshaving greater mass on otherwise equivalent launch vehicles.

[0006] Currently, the accepted synthesis of quadricyclane is via aphotochemical transformation from norbornadiene, bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene. This transformation may be carried out by directultraviolet radiation of purified or unpurified norbornadiene utilizingmercury arc lamps. The transformation may be made more efficient byusing a sensitizer molecule that absorbs the ultraviolet light andtransfers its energy to the norbornadiene. However, it has beendetermined that the use of some prior art sensitizers simultaneouslyleads to a significant decrease in the rate of quadricyclane productionwith increased conversion. Furthermore, the addition of more sensitizerin an effort to gain better efficiencies in the production rate is notpreferable, particularly in continuous flow reactors, because of theadditional steps required.

[0007] Sensitizers for the transformation of norbornadiene toquadricyclane have been studied for almost 40 years. Benzophenone,4-dimethylaminobenzophenone, 4,4′-bis (dimethylamino)-benzophenone(Michler's Ketone), as well as various copper salts have been reportedto be relatively efficient sensitizers for the reaction. As mentionedpreviously, ultraviolet light sources to drive the photochemicaltransformation have included sunlight, simulated sunlight (for solarenergy storage applications), and both medium and high-pressure mercuryarc lamps.

[0008] Notwithstanding the prior efforts and developments in theproduction of quadricyclane, what is needed is a less expensive and moreefficient process for carrying out the solution phase photochemicaltransformation of converting norbornadiene to quadricyclane.

OBJECTIVES OF THE INVENTION

[0009] It has therefore been an object of the present invention toprovide a less expensive and more efficient process for carrying outsolution-phase photochemical transformations.

[0010] It has also been an object of the present invention to provide aless expensive process for converting norbornadiene into quadricyclane.

[0011] It has been a further object of the present invention to providea more efficient process for converting norbornadiene to quadricyclane.

[0012] Another object of the present invention is to provide relativelyinexpensive quadricyclane manufactured by the process described hereinin order to provide a relatively low cost yet high-energy fuel.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0013] The objects of the present invention are achieved by irradiatinga solution of purified or unpurified norbornadiene and a sensitizerhaving a solubility in norbornadiene greater than that of Michler'sKetone with light emissions from a light source having wavelengths inthe range of about 250 nm to about 400 nm and, preferably, in the rangeof 340 nm to 390 nm. Mercury arc lamps, including both medium andhigh-pressure arc lamps, in which the lamp is doped with small amountsof other elements enhance the emission of the mercury arc in the near-UV(UVA), region of the spectrum. These doping additives have the ultimateeffect of increasing the efficiency of light output at wavelengthsuseful for photochemical transformations when used both in conjunctionwith and without the aid of a sensitizer.

[0014] In a preferred embodiment, metal halide-doped mercury arc lampsand, specifically, iron halide-doped mercury arc lamps, that haveenhanced outputs in the range of about 340 nm to about 390 nm are usedto enhance the sensitized conversion of the norbornadiene toquadricyclane. The enhanced emission wavelength of an iron halide-dopedmercury arc lamp in the range of about 340 nm to about 390 nm overlapswith the absorption of diaminobenzophenone sensitizers, e.g., Michler'sKetone. It has been found that the use of an iron halide-doped mercuryarc lamp provides an increase of about 20% in the conversion rate ofnorbornadiene to quadricyclane when used with Ethyl Michler's Ketone asthe sensitizer, as further discussed below. The photochemicaltransformation is preferably carried out at a temperature in the rangeof about −40° C. to about 60° C.

[0015] Also in a preferred embodiment, the sensitizer in the conversionof norbornadiene to quadricyclane is Ethyl Michler's Ketone (4,4′-bis(diethylamino) benzophenone). Use of Ethyl Michler's Ketone as thesensitizer has led to a decrease in the induction period at thebeginning of the conversion reaction, and an increase in the photon orquantum efficiency of conversion of norbornadiene to quadricyclane.

[0016] The result of replacing Michler's Ketone with Ethyl Michler'sKetone reduces or eliminates the requirement of using purifiednorbornadiene to obtain the highest conversion rates to quadricyclane.The use of Ethyl Michler's Ketone improves the conversion rate ofnorbornadiene to quadricyclane by about 40% when compared with the useof Michler's Ketone as a sensitizer. Also, the addition of triethylamineto the reactor reduces the amount of side products formed during thetransformation, thereby reducing downtime.

[0017] Because there is no significant increase in cost to drive thephotochemical transformation by using an iron halide-doped mercury arclamp and/or Ethyl Michler's Ketone and/or triethylamine, it issignificantly less expensive to produce quadricyclane by the presentinventive process. Thus, with the present inventive process it is moreefficient and less expensive to produce quadricyclane, ultimatelypotentially allowing lower cost access to outer space.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

[0018]FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of a continuous flowreactor useful in the present inventive process of convertingnorbornadiene to quadricyclane;

[0019]FIG. 2 shows a comparison of the rates of conversion ofnorbornediene to quadricyclane utilizing Ethyl Michler's Ketone (EMK);

[0020]FIG. 3 shows the rate of conversion of norbornediene toquadricyclane, as measured by gas chromatography; and

[0021]FIG. 4 shows the conversion of norbornediene to quadricyclane withdifferent amounts of a sensitizer.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

[0022] In the present inventive process for production of quadricyclane,a sensitizer is added to norbornadiene to form a solution.“Quadricyclane”, as will be understood herein, includes all substitutedquadricyclanes and heteroquadricyclanes. “Norbornadiene”, as will beunderstood herein, includes all substituted norbornadienes andheteronorbornadienes. The sensitizer used in the preferred process has asolubility in norbornadiene greater than that of Michler's Ketone (MK)under the same conditions. In the most preferred process, the sensitizeris Ethyl Michler's Ketone (EMK); however, any substituteddiaminobenzophenone having a solubility in norbornadiene greater thanthat of MK may be used. Other suitable sensitizers include, for example:

[0023] 4,4′-bis(dipropylamino)benzophenone;

[0024] 4,4′-bis(dibutylamino)benzophenone;

[0025] 4,4′-bis(methylethylamino)benzophenone; and

[0026] 4,4′-bis(t-butyl-methylamino)benzophenone.

[0027] The solubility of MK in norbornadiene does not appreciably exceed0.32% by weight at room temperature, whereas the solubility of EMK innorbornadiene is at least 3.86% by weight at room temperature. When thesolution of norbornadiene and EMK is irradiated, the photochemicaltransformation is driven by the wavelengths of ultraviolet light,preferably in the range of about 250 nm to about 400 nm. The EMKsensitizer absorbs the ultraviolet light and transfers the absorbedenergy to the norbornadiene, whereby quadricyclane is produced byphotochemical conversion generally expressed as:

[0028] Sensitizer+photon

Sensitizer¹ (Excitation to singlet state);

[0029] Sensitizer¹

Sensitizer³ (Intersystem crossing to the triplet state); and

[0030] Sensitizer³+NBD

Sensitizer+Q (Energy transfer and conversion)

[0031] The rates of conversion of norbornadiene to quadricyclane over awide range of conversion, for example, 10%-60% with MK and 10%80% orhigher with EMK, is linear in time for both sensitizers at allconcentrations, for example, about 0.2 to about 3.86% and with all lightsources, for example, 400 W and 1300 W mercury arc lamps and a 400 Wiron halide-doped mercury arc lamp, and irradiation times of short andlong duration. The total number of photons appear to be the determiningfactor in the rate of conversion. This suggests that the reactionproceeds with a constant quantum yield of conversion from norbornadieneto quadricyclane over a wide range of concentrations of norbornadieneand that the quantum yield decreases somewhat at high conversions. Thequantum yield of reversion of quadricyclane to norbornadiene appears tobe very low because the photostationary state consists of at least 99.5%quadricyclane.

[0032] Use of EMK as the sensitizer in the photochemical transformationof norbornadiene to quadricyclane decreases the induction period at thebeginning of the reaction, increases the photon or quantum efficiency ofconversion of norbornadiene to quadricyclane, and increases the rate ofconversion at the end of the reaction. As discussed further in Example 1below, in parallel experiments, improvements of close to 40% in theconversion rate of norbornadiene to quadricyclane are obtained whenusing EMK as the sensitizer rather than MK, with all other conditionsbeing the same. Use of EMK rather than MK reduces or eliminates therequirement of purifying norbornadiene to obtain the highest conversionrates of norbornadiene to quadricyclane.

[0033] In a second preferred embodiment of the present inventiveprocess, the photochemical transformation is driven by a metalhalide-doped mercury arc lamp. Most preferably an iron halide-dopedmercury arc lamp is used that has enhanced radiation output of about 340to about 390 nm. This emission wavelength overlaps with the absorptionwavelength of substituted diaminobenzophenones such as MK and EMK. Asdiscussed further below, in Example 2, an increased conversion ofnorbornadiene to quadricyclane of about 22% was achieved using ironhalide-doped mercury arc lamps instead of a traditional mercury arclamp, with all other conditions being the same. The halide used in theiron halide-doped mercury arc lamp need not be limited to any specifichalide.

[0034] Preferably, the emission wavelength for the photochemicaltransformation is filtered to remove wavelengths shorter than about 300nm. Filtration is preferably accomplished by use of an externalirradiator type photoreactor such as available from Electro-Lite Corp.,Danbury, Conn., in which light from the metal halide-doped mercury arclamp is directed at least partially through vapors of the reactormixture and onto a freed reaction mixture surface. In such cases, theshorter wavelengths may be absorbed by norbornadiene vapor, or by liquidon the container internal surfaces, and subsequently deposit absorbingand scattering by-products on the flask or the window of a reactionvessel. Removal of the short wavelengths can be accomplished withborosilicate glass or other suitable materials. Preferably it isaccomplished with the use of a pyrex vessel. Where the filter materialis borosilicate glass or other suitable material, a thickness in therange from about 0.5 mm to about 10 mm is generally suitable for removalof shorter wavelengths of light.

[0035] Preferably, the photochemical transformation is carried out at atemperature in the range of about −40° C. to about 60° C. That is, thephotochemical transformation is carried out above the meltingtemperature of the mixture of norbornadiene and quadricyclane.Norbornadiene melts at −11° C. and quadricyclane melts at −40° C., themixture of the two having a melting point lower than each substancealone. The photochemical transformation is carried out more preferablyin a temperature range of about −10° C. to about 30° C. and mostpreferably at about 0° C. The temperature of the photochemicaltransformation minimizes by-product contamination of the reactor inwhich the photochemical transformation takes place, as discussed morefully below.

[0036] In another preferred embodiment of the present inventive process,the addition of a small amount of a base, generally an amine, and morespecifically a trialkylamine, such as triethylamine or an aromatic aminesuch as pyridine, either soluble in the sensitizer/norbornadienesolution or rendered insoluble through linkage to a polymer as incross-linked polystyrene co-vinylpyridine, greatly decreases the amountof undesirable by-products, more specifically, polymeric side products,formed in the reaction chamber during the photochemical transformation.Polymeric materials that are deposited onto the sides of the reactionchamber may lead to decreased conversion efficiencies and to increasedreaction chamber clean-up times. Preferably, an addition in the range ofabout 0.1 to about 1% by volume of triethylamine to norbornadiene onlyslightly affects conversion rates and yet leads to reduced amounts ofpolymeric side products formed during the transformation.

[0037] As seen in FIG. 1, a schematic drawing of a preferred embodimentof the reactor 12 for carrying out the present inventive process isshown. In accord with the present inventive process, a continuous flowreactor 12 has a light shield 14 enclosing a lamp 16 contained within awell 18. A spiral tube 20 having an inlet 20 a and an outlet 20 b isaxially aligned around the lamp 16. The light shield 14 contains coolantfluid 22 in order to cool the spiral tube 20. A second coolant fluid 17flows within the well 18 to cool the lamp 16. The coolant fluids 17,22are any suitable coolants known in the art, for example, water orantifreeze solutions. In the preferred process, a solution ofnorbornadiene and a sensitizer, indicated by directional arrow N, ispumped through the spiral tube inlet 20 a, the solution then circulatesaround the lamp 16 where it is irradiated and, thereby, converted toquadricyclane indicated by directional arrow Q, which is then pumped outof the reactor via tube outlet 20 b. Use of a continuous flow reactor 12produces a lighter color product than does a batch reactor (not shown),because purer quadricyclane is produced.

[0038] A radiometer 24 is used to monitor and potentially correct theout put of lamp 16. The radiometer 24 is International Light model 1400Aequipped with a waterproof SEL 033/B/W detector and an OD2 neutraldensity filter available from International Light, Newburgport, Mass.

[0039] Any combination of the preferred embodiments of the inventiveprocesses disclosed herein may be used in efficiently convertingnorbornadiene to quadricyclane. That is, any substituteddiaminobenzophenone may be added to norbornadiene to form a solutionwhich is converted to quadricyclane via the inventive process step ofirradiating the substituted diaminobenzophenone/norbornadiene solutionwith an iron halide-doped mercury arc lamp. Preferably the substituteddiaminobenzophenone is added to norbornadiene in an amount in the rangeof about 0.2% to about 3.86% by weight. Alternatively, norbornadiene, insolution with a substituted diaminobenzophenone having a solubility innorbornadiene greater than that of MK, e.g., EMK, is photochemicallytransformed to quadricyclane via irradiation by use of a high-pressuremercury arc lamp, of a type well known in the art.

[0040] Furthermore, an iron halide-doped mercury arc lamp, availablefrom Electro-Lite Corporation, Danbury, Conn., may be used tophotochemically transform norbornadiene, in solution with a substituteddiaminobenzophenone having a solubility in norbornadiene greater thanthat of MK, e.g., EMK, into quadricyclane. Moreover, a base, such astriethylamine, may be added to the sensitizer and norbornadiene solutionas the process is carried out in either a batch reactor or a continuousflow reactor to reduce the volume of side products formed during thetransformation reaction.

[0041] The inventive process disclosed herein may be carried out in animmersion well type batch reactor available from Ace Glass Inc.,Vineland, N.J., or Hanovia, Union, N.J., which are known in the art, aswell as external radiator type batch reactors available fromElectro-Lite Corporation, Danbury, Conn., in addition to continuous flowreactors of the type shown in FIG. 1 and described in further detailbelow in Example 4. Further details of the present invention will now bedisclosed in the context of the several examples which follow.

EXAMPLE 1

[0042] Irradiation of separate 5 ml aliquots of stirred norbornadiene insolution with Michler's Ketone (MK) or Ethyl Michler's Ketone (EMK),were carried out under nitrogen in 25 ml Pyrex® flasks within anElectro-Lite ELC 4000 curing unit (Electro-Lite Corporation, Danbury,Conn.), equipped with a 400 W iron halide-doped (UVA) lamp at a distanceof approximately 25 cm. The norbornadiene used in these experiments wasnot pre-purified. The conversion to quadricyclane was measured by gaschromatography as a function of time by withdrawing a drop of solutionvia syringe. The conversion is plotted in FIG. 2. The relative rate ofconversion to quadricyclane was 39% greater for the solutions containingEthyl Michler's Ketone at 3.86% by weight than for the solutionscontaining Michler's Ketone at 0.32% by weight. Thin layerchromatography indicated that both sensitizers were slowly consumed inthese experiments. The reaction was carried out under atmosphericpressure at about 60° C. Norbornadiene to quadricyclane conversion forvarious concentrations of Ethyl Michler's Ketone and Michler's Ketoneunder iron halide-doped mercury arc lamp irradiation. Ethyl Michler'sKetone provides greater than 99% conversion to Quadricyclane, asignificant improvement over Michler's Ketone.

EXAMPL 2

[0043] The experiment described in Example 1 was repeated with parallelreactions of 0.32% by weight MK and 0.75% by weight EMK each in 5 ml ofpurified norbornadiene. Norbornadiene is purified for purposes of thisexperiment by the following process. Silica gel, 2% of the weight of thenorbornadiene to be purified, is placed in a flash chromatographycolumn. Norbornadiene is gravity or pressure filtered through the silicagel and stored in tightly closed glass containers. The norbornadienepurified in this manner is noticeably lighter yellow in color than thereadily available commercial grade material but still contains smallamounts of other components. Commercial norbornadiene containscycloheptatriene, toluene, dicyclopentadiene andcyclopentadiene+norbornadiene cycloaddition products, a stabilizer, aswell as other unidentified components.

[0044] After 16 hours of irradiation with a 400 W iron halide-dopedmercury arc lamp at a distance of approximately 25 cm, the EMK sampleshowed a conversion of 65.86% compared to 53.79% for the MK-containingsolution, an improvement of 22%. The lamp is of the type available fromElectro-Lite Corporation, Danbury, Conn.

[0045] This experiment was also carried out as described in Example 1with purified norbornadiene containing Michler's Ketone (0.32% byweight, in 5 ml of norbornadiene), and Ethyl Michler's Ketone (0.40% byweight, in 5 ml of norbornadiene). The relative rate of conversion isshown in FIG. 2. The conversion rate is significantly greater with EthylMichler's Ketone than with Michler's Ketone.

[0046] The experiments as described in Example 2 were carried out atatmospheric pressure at 60° C.

EXAMPLE 3

[0047] Irradiations of 1 ml samples of 0.5% Ethyl Michler's Ketone innorbornadiene were carried out with a 400 W high-pressure mercury arclamp and a 400 W iron halide-doped mercury arc lamp as available fromElectro-Lite Corporation, Danbury, Conn. The linear conversion rate was11.48% per hour for the doped lamp as compared to 9.72% per hour for theundoped lamp. This translates to an improvement in conversion rate of18% with the iron halide-doped lamp. This transformation was carried outat atmospheric pressure at 60° C.

EXAMPLE 4

[0048] The continuous process of converting to quadricyclane wasdemonstrated with the continuous flow reactor 12 shown in FIG. 1. Theapparatus has a Model J06PM22HGC1 1300 W medium pressure mercury arclamp with a 6.5 inch arc length as available from Jelight Company, Inc.,Irvine, Calif., inside a water cooled quartz well that was centered on aspiral tube containing a continuously pumped norbornadiene solution (1.2mL/min.), of Ethyl Michler's Ketone (0.40% by weight). The norbornadienewas not previously purified. Samples were collected at fixed eightminute intervals. The conversion to quadricyclane was measured by gaschromatography and the results are plotted in FIG. 3. The plot shows agenerally linear conversion of norbornadiene to quadricyclane as afunction of time throughout most of the process, which lasted 216minutes. This continuous process was carried out at 25° C.

[0049] Plot of conversion vs. sample number for a continuous reactorwith a nominal 1300 W medium-pressure mercury arc lamp. For thisgeometry, the conversion is linear in time between approximately 20% and90% conversion.

EXAMPLE 5

[0050] As can be seen generally in FIG. 4, the high solubility of asensitizer such as EMK reduces or eliminates the need for purificationof the norbornadiene. In parallel experiments in which purified andunpurified samples of norbornadiene were each sensitized with 0.75% byweight EMK and irradiated with a 400W iron halide-doped mercury arc lampas available from Electro-Lite Corporation, Danbury, Conn., theconversion rate to quadricyclane was in the range of 15-25% greater inthe case of purified norbornadiene. In similar experiments in whichunpurified norbornadiene sensitized with 3.85% by weight EMK, andpurified norbornadiene sensitized with 0.75% by weight EMK wereirradiated in parallel, increases relative to unpurified, 0.75% byweight EMK sensitized mixtures, were both in the range of 15-25%.Therefore, the greater amounts of the relatively high solubility EMKsensitizer can be used in place of norbornadiene purification for moreefficient quadricyclane production.

[0051] The improvements from replacing MK with EMK may be related to theincreased solubility of EMK to that of MK in norbornadiene.

[0052] For example, the improved performance may be due to increasedrelative absorption by the sensitizer over that of impurities present orformed during the conversion. However, the improved performance may alsoresult indirectly from a decrease in self-quenching that may occur nearthe solubility limit in MK. The exact mechanisms of this improvement areunknown, difficult to test, and were not predicted prior to testing.

[0053] Ethyl Michler's Ketone was utilized initially to solve theproblem of incomplete conversion of norbornadiene to quadricyclaneobserved when using MK. Multiple additions of MK during thetransformation were required to reach high conversions usingcommercially available norbornadiene, and it was first thought that aninitial higher quantity of EMK would give only an equivalent rate ofreaction with high conversion and no additional benefit. Unexpectedly,in addition to higher conversion, the efficiency of EMK as a sensitizerhas been found to be higher than that of MK.

[0054] As a further consequence of this unexpected finding, it iscontemplated that EMK, or any other diaminobenzophenone sensitizer witha solubility greater than that of MK, may be used as a sensitizer in anyphotochemically reactive solution that contains molecules having tripletenergies of about or less than the triplet energy of EMK

[0055] Also, metal halide-doped mercury arc lamps have not been used forsolution-phase photochemical transformations other than forphotopolymerizations. In particular, iron halide-doped mercury arc lampshad not previously been used for triplet sensitized [2+2] cyclizationsexemplified by the norbornadiene to quadricyclane transformation.

[0056] From the above disclosure of the detailed description of thepresent invention and the preceding summary of the preferred embodiment,those persons skilled in the art will comprehend the variousmodifications to which the present invention is susceptible. Therefore,we desire to be limited only by the scope of the following claims andequivalents thereof.

We claim:
 1. A process for the production of quadricyclane, comprising the steps of: providing norbornadiene; adding a substituted diaminobenzophenone to said norbornadiene to form a solution, said substituted diaminobenzophenone having a solubility in norbornadiene greater than the solubility of Michler's Ketone in norbornadiene; and irradiating said solution with light, whereby said norbornadiene is converted to quadricyclane.
 2. The process of claim 1 wherein said norbornadiene is purified.
 3. The process of claim 1 wherein said substituted diaminobenzophenone is Ethyl Michler's Ketone.
 4. The process of claim 3 wherein said Ethyl Michler's Ketone is added to said norbornadiene in the range of about 0.2% to about 3.86% by weight.
 5. The process of claim 1 wherein said irradiating step is carried out with a metal halide-doped mercury arc lamp.
 6. The process of claim 5 wherein said irradiating step is carried out with an iron halide-doped mercury arc lamp.
 7. The process of claim 1 further comprising the step of adding a base to said solution to reduce the formation of by-products during said conversion.
 8. The process of claim 7 wherein said base is triethylamine.
 9. The process of claim 1 wherein said solution is irradiated with a lamp having enhanced output in the wavelength range of about 250 nm to about 400 nm.
 10. The process of claim 9 wherein said solution is irradiated with a lamp having enhanced output in the wavelength range of 340 nm to 390 nm.
 11. The process of claim 1, comprising the step of regulating the temperature of said solution between about −40° C. and about 60° C.
 12. The process of claim 11, where said temperature is regulated between about −10° C. and about 30° C.
 13. The process of claim 12, wherein said temperature is regulated at about 0° C.
 14. The process of claim 1 wherein said irradiating said solution with light comprises passing the light through a filter to remove wavelengths shorter than about 300 nm.
 15. The process of claim 14 wherein said filter is a borosilicate glass filter having a thickness in the range from about 0.5 mm to about 10 mm.
 16. Quadricyclane formed by the process of claim
 1. 17. A process for the production of quadricyclane, comprising the steps of: providing norbornadiene; and irradiating said norbornadiene with light emitted from an iron halide-doped mercury arc lamp, whereby said norbornadiene is converted to quadricyclane.
 18. The process of claim 17 wherein said norbornadiene is purified.
 19. The process of claim 17 further comprising the step of adding a substituted diaminobenzophenone to said norbornadiene to form a solution, wherein said substituted diaminobenzophenone has solubility in norbornadiene greater than Michler's Ketone.
 20. The process of claim 19 wherein said substituted diaminobenzophenone is Ethyl Michler's Ketone.
 21. The process of claim 20 wherein said Ethyl Michler's Ketone is added to said norbornadiene in the range of about 0.2% to about 3.86% by weight.
 22. The process of claim 17 further comprising the step of adding a base to said solution to reduce the formation of by-products during the conversion.
 23. The process of claim 22 wherein said base is triethylamine.
 24. The process of claim 17, comprising the step of regulating the temperature of said norbornadiene between about −40° C. and about 60° C.
 25. The process of claim 24, where said temperature is regulated between about −10° C. and about 30° C.
 26. The process of claim 25, wherein said temperature is regulated at about 0° C.
 27. The process of claim 17 wherein said irradiating step comprises passing the light through a filter to remove wavelengths shorter than about 300 nm.
 28. The process of claim 27 wherein said filter is a borosilicate glass filter having a thickness in the range from about 0.5 mm to about 10 mm.
 29. Quadricyclane formed by the process of claim
 17. 30. A process for producing quadricyclane, comprising the steps of: providing norbornadiene; adding triethylamine to said norbornadiene to form a solution; and irradiating said solution with light, whereby said norbornadiene is converted to quadricyclane and said triethylamine reduces the formation of by-products during the conversion.
 31. The process of claim 30 wherein said norbornadiene is purified.
 32. The process of claim 30 further comprising the step of adding a substituted diaminobenzophenone to said norbornadiene.
 33. The process of claim 30 wherein said substituted diaminobenzophenone is Ethyl Michler's Ketone.
 34. The process of claim 30 wherein said Ethyl Michler's Ketone is added to said norbornadiene in the range of about 0.2% to about 3.86% by weight.
 35. The process of claim 30 wherein said irradiating step is carried out with an iron halide-doped mercury arc lamp.
 36. The process of claim 30, comprising the step of regulating the temperature of said solution between about −40° C. and about 60° C.
 37. The process of claim 36, where said temperature is regulated between about −10° C. and about 30° C.
 38. The process of claim 37, wherein said temperature is regulated at about 0° C.
 39. Quadricyclane formed by the process of claim
 30. 40. A process for the production of quadricyclane, comprising the steps of: providing norbornadiene; adding a substituted diaminobenzophenone to said norbornadiene to form a solution; and irradiating said solution with a metal halide-doped mercury arc lamp, whereby said norbornadiene is converted to quadricyclane.
 41. The process of claim 40 wherein said irradiating step is carried out with an iron halide-doped mercury arc lamp.
 42. The process of claim 40 wherein said solution is irradiated with a lamp having enhanced output in the wavelength range of about 250 nm to about 400 nm.
 43. The process of claim 42 wherein said solution is irradiated with a lamp having enhanced output in the wavelength range of 340 nm to 390 nm.
 44. The process of claim 40 wherein said substituted diaminobenzophenone is Ethyl Michler's Ketone.
 45. The process of claim 40 wherein said Ethyl Michler's Ketone is added to said norbornadiene in the range of about 0.2% to about 3.86% by weight.
 46. The process of claim 40 wherein said norbornadiene is purified.
 47. The process of claim 40 further comprising the step of adding triethylamine to said solution to reduce the formation of by-products during the conversion.
 48. The process of claim 40, comprising the step of regulating the temperature of said solution between about −40° C. and about 60° C.
 49. The process of claim 48, where said temperature is regulated between about −10° C. and about 30° C.
 50. The process of claim 49, wherein said temperature is regulated at about 0° C.
 51. Quadricyclane formed by the process of to claim
 40. 52. A process for the production of quadricyclane, comprising the steps of: providing purified norbornadiene; adding Ethyl Michler's Ketone to said norbornadiene in the range of about 0.2% to about 3.86% by weight to form a solution; and irradiating said solution with an iron halide-doped mercury arc lamp having an enhanced output in the range of about 340 nm to about 390 nm, wherein said norbornadiene is converted to quadricyclane.
 53. The process according to claim 52 further comprising the step of adding triethylamine to said solution to reduce the formation of by-products during the conversion.
 54. The process according to claim 52 further comprising the step of regulating the temperature of said solution at about 0° C.
 55. Quadricyclane formed by the process of claim
 52. 56. A process for the production of quadricyclane, comprising the steps of: providing purified norbornadiene; adding Ethyl Michler's Ketone to said norbornadiene in the range of about 0.2% to about 3.86% by weight to form a solution; adding triethylamine to said solution; irradiating said solution with an iron halide-doped mercury arc lamp having an enhanced output in the wavelength range of about 340 nm to about 390 nm, wherein said norbornadiene is converted to quadricyclane and said triethylamine reduces the formation of by-products during the conversion; and regulating the temperature of said solution at about 0° C.
 57. Quadricyclane formed by the process of claim
 56. 58. A product formed by the process of driving a non-polymerization solution-phase photochemical transformation, comprising the steps of: providing an organic solution having the potential for a non-polymerization solution-phase photochemical transformation; and irradiating said solution with a metal-halide doped mercury arc lamp to drive a non-polymerization solution-phase photochemical transformation within said solution.
 59. A product formed by the process of driving a non-polymerization solution phase photochemical transformation, comprising the steps of: providing an organic solution having the potential for a non-polymerization solution-phase photochemical transformation; adding a base to said solution; and irradiating said solution with light, whereby said base reduces the formation of by-products during said non-polymerization solution phase photochemical transformation. 